Figure 1 uses \textwidth in a two-column layout

\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fig_architecture}

\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{fig_architecture}

In IEEE two-column documents, \textwidth spans both columns and causes the figure to overflow into the margin. \columnwidth correctly constrains it to a single column.

Figure 2 uses bottom placement [b]

\begin{figure}[b]

\begin{figure}[t]

Bottom-placed figures (\[b]) often appear far from their reference text. IEEE style guidelines recommend top placement (\[t]) for consistent layout and reviewer readability.

Table 1 exceeds column width by 24 mm

\begin{tabular}{l r r r r r}

\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{%
  \begin{tabular}{l r r r r r}

The table is 110 mm wide but the column width is 86 mm. A \resizebox wrapper scales it to fit without overflowing into the margin or gutter.

Figure 3 uses \textwidth in a two-column layout

\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fig_results}

\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{fig_results}

Same as Figure 1: \textwidth overflows in two-column mode. Fixed to \columnwidth.

Figure 4 uses [h!] placement - the ! override causes layout conflicts

\begin{figure}[h!]

\begin{figure}[t]

The ! override forces LaTeX to ignore its own spacing constraints, often causing figures to collide with text or footnotes. Replaced with [t] for stable top placement.

Figure 5 subfigure widths sum to 1.04\columnwidth

\begin{subfigure}{0.52\columnwidth}…\begin{subfigure}{0.52\columnwidth}

\begin{subfigure}{0.48\columnwidth}…\begin{subfigure}{0.48\columnwidth}

Subfigure widths of 0.52 + 0.52 = 1.04 exceed the column width, pushing the second subfigure onto a new line. Reduced to 0.48 each (+ 0.04 implicit gutter) to keep them side by side.